5个持久的建筑材料

As a construction material, wood has a lot going for it. It can be used as a primary material, as seen in log cabin construction or blended with other building materials and used as either a decorative element or support structure. Wood is lightweight compared to stone, and it's strong once it's been seasoned to remove moisture. It can also be cut to length easily.

木头does have some disadvantages, though. It decays eventually, and it's vulnerable to moisture damage like dry rot and predation by insects like termites. Fire is a big problem, too.

即使有这些脆弱性，木材建筑也可以生存很长时间。多久可能会让您感到惊讶。存在的最古老的木建筑是日本的Horyu-ji神庙，其历史可追溯至8世纪[来源：CWC]。

In the next section, let's see how playing with mud can be a smart thing to do when you're trying to make bricks.

通常由粘土制成，砖已经用于许多古老的结构，例如罗马渡槽，万神殿和中国的长城。苏美尔人制作了最早记录的砖块，我们可以推断出那些在建筑中使用的早期砖块是粗糙的，不均匀的，晒干的块，可能是由淤泥制成的，当高水位后水中退缩时，这些块被存放了[来源：来源：大不列颠]。

淤泥自然干燥至非常坚固的一致性，然后被挖出，分成块，用来制造小屋和其他结构的墙壁。一些实验导致了形式和模具的发展，以创建均匀的砖块，这些砖可以很容易地堆叠起来，以使其具有干净的角落的光滑墙壁。

今天仍在使用这种砖砌风格，在干燥的气候下非常稳定。但是太多的雨和您艰苦的小屋的墙壁变成了泥土。通过使用高热量来解决。这些砖是耐用的，耐候性，防火性，易于制造且可以方便地使用。

在下一部分中，让我们看一张时代的建筑材料，石头。

石头is durable and impressive stuff, but it's also challenging to quarry, and heavy to move, and it has tension and stress limitations. Where there are resources available to excavate and cut it precisely, stone can be an extremely strong and useful natural material. Unlike brick, it can be stacked without mortar and support heavy vertical loads. Stone resists deforming, weathers the elements well, withstands fire and helps maintain stable interior environments. There are so many extraordinary stone structures that it seems a shame that modern construction uses stone more as decoration than anything else.

如今，有更便宜，更高效的建筑材料已经篡夺了石材在现代建筑建筑中的位置，其中最重要的是装饰石板。这似乎很谦虚，但是钢，木材和混凝土结构，外面有一层薄薄的装饰石，更符合现代的预算和建筑标准，而不是令人印象深刻的高耸的历史建筑物的建筑。较新的合成材料甚至可以模仿重量较轻，廉价化身的石头外观，从而消除了对单板的需求。

Stone仍然以其美学价值而受欢迎，并且不可能完全消除它。自第一批石器时代定居者伸手去拿几块岩石以固定帐篷襟翼以来，斯通可能就已经存在，作为人类设计中的装饰元素，它一定会成为我们建筑物的一部分。

具体的是由许多材料（如石头和沙子）与粘合剂等粘合剂等材料组成的。然后将混合物干燥并变硬。这是一种柔性材料，可以在现场形成或倒入模具中，然后加工然后运输。

Even though it had been around for hundreds of years, it wasn't until 1860, when someone realized that concrete could be reinforced to increase its抗拉强度(the amount of force or stress it could withstand), that concrete started gaining wide acceptance.

钢筋混凝土可以形成多种形状，并在倒入混凝土中嵌入狭窄的钢棒的支撑结构。Rebar钢筋使混凝土成为墙壁，梁，板，地基，框架和许多其他应用的理想材料。金属棒和网眼的使用以及相对便宜的混凝土介质，使钢筋混凝土成为灵活，可靠和经济的建筑选择。

Twentieth century refinements have made reinforced concrete an even bigger player in modern building design and construction.预先铸造concrete is made under controlled manufacturing conditions that increase its water repelling characteristics and limit its capacity to expand and contract.预压混凝土通过将拉伸的钢链放在硬化混凝土中制成，增加了钢筋混凝土的拉伸强度和对向下压力的耐药性。

Let's proceed to the next section, where we'll take a look at how steel is being used to do more than just reinforce concrete in building construction.

Once man started building up instead of out, stronger building materials became necessary to support taller structures. And tall buildings place a lot of weight on load-bearing walls; some sort of support framework was needed to carry the load.

我们可以在这里看到钢铁在我们的建筑商工具包中具有双重作用。它可以嵌入混凝土中以提供支持或成为基础本身。钢很容易被预制，以使其快速简便地安装。它可以焊接，螺栓或铆接到位。它也可以可回收100％，这对于较新的绿色建筑实践很重要。钢铁是一种相对经济的商业建筑选择，也正在居住在住宅建筑中。

The advent of steel technology that allows man to design and build taller structures has changed the face of architecture and expanded the way we find creative solutions to our building challenges.

在下一页上，您会发现有关建筑和架构的更多信息。