关于黑社会女王Persephone的5个事实

经过:Michelle Konstantinovsky|

Persephone
Detail from a fresco featuring Persephone, Queen of the Underworld, located in Magdalensberg, Austria.DEA/E. LESSING/De Agostini/Getty Images

希腊神话中您最喜欢的一些角色的快速而肮脏的失败:Zeus is the powerful Father of the Gods与之复杂的关系阿芙罗狄蒂and doted on his daughterAthena, 谁辅助大力神(罗马版的希腊英雄赫拉克尔斯(Herakles))在他的12个劳动之一中。

Confused yet? Take it all in and prepare to add more Greek mythology know-how to your growing knowledge bank because we askedRichard P. Martin,安东尼和伊莎贝尔·劳比茨(Isabelle Raubitschek)在斯坦福大学经典教授,以帮助我们认识哈德斯她自己,Persephone。

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1.有人叫她的死者女王

那么,谁是Persephone?否则被称为kore(表示“女儿”和“少女”),Persephone抓住了Hades的心,后者在他的战车上绑架了她。马丁通过电子邮件说:“她是黑地的妻子,他是黑社会的国王,因此她可以被称为那个领域的女王,甚至是死者的女王。”“但是她不是某种恐怖的女巫人物 - 她是一个美丽的年轻女子,成为国王的新娘 - 正是另一个更长,更陌生的故事。”

这个故事的要旨是这样的:哈德斯有一天看到她摘花并绑架了她的黑社会时,他与可爱的年轻Persephone一起被带走了。她的母亲,农业女神,塞默特(Demeter),然后为她失去的女兴发登录m xf839 com儿搜寻了大地。Persephone's dad is Zeus,这个人的身材超过了几个标志性的希腊角色,以及在这个故事的某些版本中,负责将他的女儿移交给Hades。由于Demeter的困扰,她忽略了收获,随之而来的饥荒随之而来。

宙斯随后要求他的女儿退还,但有一个接球:珀斯弗内在黑社会期间吃了几个石榴种子,这要归功于哈德斯的欺骗。因为任何品尝了黑社会食物的人都被谴责留在那里(一个方便的规则,不?),哈德斯与Persephone的父母达成协议:她每年与他度过四个月,而在地球上八个月。据说现在被称为春天女神,据说Persephone在一年中的贫瘠的几个月里与她的丈夫一起在黑社会上度过时光back above ground当土地活着时。

"Because Hades has tricked Persephone into eating a pomegranate, the daughter has to return to his realm for one-third of the year — good to know that Greeks in archaic times thought of there being three, not four, seasons," Martin says. "Later versions say she is gone half the year to Hades, and half the year lives above Earth with Demeter."

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2. Ancient Artists Usually Portrayed Her in One of Two Ways

"In ancient art, there are two main motifs where we see Persephone," Martin says. "First, the moment when she is abducted by Hades. He emerges from under the Earth in a chariot and carries her away, while her playmates — nymphs and mortal maidens — try to grab at her to prevent this. An令人惊叹的公元前4世纪壁画showing this event was found in the 20th century in Vergina, part of the Macedonian region of Greece.贝尔尼等给出了该场景的版本。”

The second main motif, according to Martin, is Persephone-in-the-Underworld. "She is often shown sitting beside her royal husband, overseeing the various famous dead heroes or sinners, or,例如, granting Orpheus the favor of retrieving his dead wife. In modern art, there are一些很棒的画她与母亲的聚会,但这在古代艺术中很少见。”

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3.她的故事中有一些微小的变化

马丁说:“这些变化通常与哈德斯绑架时间有关。”“在我们最古老的证据中Hymn to Demeter,从公元前600年左右,她显然在春季被带走。她被一朵盛开的花花公子花在盛开其他种类的花朵的草地上吸引了,然后它像陷阱门上的扳机一样 - 她去拔出它,hades在他的战车上飞了起来。”

But Martin says audiences had trouble with that tale from the start. "Already in ancient times, however, people were wrestling with this whole story both because it is so touching and because it was tightly connected with the all-important Mysteries of Eleusis outside Athens, that promised some sort of eternal happiness after life for everyone," he says. "They tried to explain the details in various ways."

One of those ways involves manipulating the often confusing, usually disturbing overlaps in Greek mythology family trees. "It is weird and disturbing that Zeus, first of all, who is the father of Persephone by his own sister Demeter, basically allows his brother, Hades, to abduct (or even rape) her," Martin says. "In ancient times, allegory was the main tool used to interpret unpleasant or opaque stories. So Persephone was allegorized as spring or the growth of crops; her mother was goddess of grain (called in Latinceres, hence 'cereal'), making the equation easier. And her disappearance was taken to equal the dead of winter when crops do not grow. So some versions have her disappear in autumn, to make the facts fit the story."

还有其他一些变化,尤其是在Persephone和她的妈妈之间的关系周围。“在德梅特的赞美诗中,珀斯弗内(Persephone)确实回去见到她的母亲,在德梅特(Demeter)进行了壮观的饥饿罢工之后,塞莫特(Demeter)造成农作物枯萎,因为她发现自己的女儿已经被绑架了,并让宙斯告诉黑德斯让那个女孩让女孩让女孩返回地球,”马丁说。“塞米特拥有力量,因为没有她的谷物,众神就不会有牺牲,因此他们像以前一样饿死了。”马丁谨慎地指出,在这个特殊的版本中,不是珀斯弗内的消失会导致缺乏农作物,而是塞米特的愤怒。他说:“再说一次,不是冬天,而是春天晚些时候。”

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4. Persephone今天仍然代表重要主题

马丁说:“在古希腊,神话具有多种同时含义。”这是他打破它们的方式:

  1. “母女必须分开,因为后者长大并结婚 - 在传统文化中,这意味着通常远离丈夫的家和家庭。这是她原始家庭的“社会死亡” - 所以这个神话般的故事渠道兴发登录m xf839 com希腊妇女的一些日常经历。”他说。
  2. 马丁说:“这个故事显然被插入了季节和农业周期。”兴发登录m xf839 com“在赞美诗中,有一个主要的子图,讲述了塞宁的塞宁中的塞顿如何出现在现在的雅典郊区的埃利乌西斯(Eleusis),成为一个王室的保姆,几乎使他们的婴儿永生(每天晚上将他贴在火中),发现,然后命令当地人崇拜她以平息她的愤怒。这笔交易的一部分是,一家人在全世界传播了新的谷物种植知识。”
  3. "Because Eleusis was where Demeter settled down to mourn her lost daughter, the shrine there controlled Mysteries — which are still secret to this day — in which hundreds of Greeks and foreigners each year would be initiated into some sort of secret knowledge and sworn to keep it secret," Martin says. "It seems that whoever participated in the elaborate ceremony was promised a happy existence in the Underworld after death — the model for this was Persephone, who basically overcomes death (at least partially) by being enabled to keep coming back."

"For the modern world, the first and third stories have resonance," Martin says. "We still seek stories about what it will be like after death (and methods to ensure our happiness), and we still deal with the pain and confusion of the formation of new families by partially breaking bonds of the old — as when daughters marry and move far away."

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5. She and Her Mother Were Known as The Two Goddesses

"She was such a familiar figure to Greek women, in particular, that she was often just called kore ('the daughter'), and together with her mother, the two were referred to as The Two Goddesses — in fact, women could swear oaths 'by The Two.' Women had a number of female-only rituals in honor of The Two." One ancient celebration, in particular, known as theThesmophoria, was a religious festival dedicated to Demeter and Persephone."

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