谁是真正的玛丽抹大拉?

经过:戴夫·罗斯(Dave Roos)|
玛丽·玛格达琳,耶稣
玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene)在这幅画中与耶稣一起显示。Carlotta Silvestrini/Pixabay

当基督教世界准备复活节, which celebrates the resurrection of Jesus three days after his crucifixion, Christians will read the various accounts of Easter morning found in the New Testament. In each of the four gospels, the first of Christ's closest followers to learn that Jesus had risen wasn't Peter, James or Simon, but Mary Magdalene.

在前三个复活节记录中 - 马太福音28,马克16和路加福音24-玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene)与其他妇女一起拜访耶稣的坟墓,以清洁并涂抹他的身体,但他们发现它是空的。天使或天使告诉他们:“他已经复活了!”并指示妇女去告诉门徒的其余部分。

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但是,最引人注目的说法是在约翰(John)中找到的,这是要撰写的最后一本福音书。在这个复活节的故事中told in John 20,玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene)不仅在空墓中找到了一个天使,而且是第一个与复活的耶稣本人交谈并与之交谈的人。

Jesus said, "Woman, why are you weeping? Who are you looking for?" Supposing him to be the gardener, she said, "Sir, if you have taken him away, tell me where you have put him, and I will go and remove him." Jesus said, "Mary!" She knew him then and said to him in Hebrew, "Rabbuni!" — which means Master. Jesus said to her, "Do not cling to me, because I have not yet ascended to the Father. But go and tell my brothers, 'I am ascending to My Father...' So Mary of Magdala went and told the disciples that she had seen the Lord and that he had said these things to her.

那么,这个女人到底是谁叫玛丽·玛格达琳?圣经几乎没有告诉我们,但是几个世纪的基督教教义和大众的想象力使她从被选中的女人身上重新铸造了基督教世界上最大的奇迹,再到一个高度的性化和有争议的人物 - 从悔改的罪人到改革的妓女,甚至是浪漫的伴侣耶稣基督。

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圣经实际上对玛丽·玛格达琳说了什么

The most the New Testament tells us about Mary Magdalene's biography is found in the first three verses of Luke 8:

此后,耶稣从一个城镇和村庄到达另一个城镇,宣布了上帝国度的好消息。十二人与他同在,还有一些被治愈的邪恶和疾病的妇女:玛丽(称为玛格达琳)从中七个恶魔出来了。乔安娜(Joanna)是希律王(Herod)家庭经理Chuza的妻子;苏珊娜;还有许多其他。这些妇女正在帮助她们以自己的手段来支持她们。
玛利亚在沙漠中
"Mary Magdalene in the Desert" as painted by José de Ribera in 1637.

玛丽的姓氏不是抹大拉;那是她来自哪里的指,一个小渔村在加利利的海上叫玛格达拉。她是玛格达拉的玛丽,就像拿撒勒的耶稣有时被称为拿撒勒。

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解释说,卢克中的这些经文很重要,原因有几个。布鲁斯·奇尔顿,巴德学院的宗教教授,以及“玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene):传记“对于初学者来说,这是福音书中唯一的一次,我们了解到耶稣的随行人员包括妇女,玛丽·玛格达琳首先。这是我们在这里学习了有关玛丽·玛格达琳的关键细节,她被驱逐了“七个恶魔。”

奇尔顿说:“在这段经文中,她的身份确实令人着迷。”“她是整个新约中唯一被耶稣驱魔的人。”

其他人在圣经中被驱逐出去,但没有一个被命名。由于玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene)被包括在耶稣的内心圈子中,因此她大概是在旅行和教导时亲自对他人向他人作证的第一手知识。

Chilton also thinks the mention of the "seven demons" might also answer one of the lingering questions about Mary Magdalene: Why was she not married or attached to any family members?

奇尔顿说:“如果她需要成为驱魔的接受者,那就不足为奇了。”“她很可能被家人所避开。”

Other than this introduction in Luke and the Easter morning accounts at the tomb, the only other time that Mary Magdalene is mentioned by name in the Bible is at Jesus' crucifixion, where three of the four gospels specifically say that Mary Magdalene witnessed Christ's suffering along with other women, including Mary the mother of Jesus in one account. The Twelve, meanwhile, had fled Jerusalem fearing arrest.

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更多玛丽,更多的问题

关于玛丽抹大拉的一些混乱和错误信息源于以下事实:新约中有很多玛丽。希伯来语的名字米雅姆(Miryam)后来被翻译为玛丽(Mary),在第一世纪对犹太妇女来说非常普遍,因为这是摩西姐姐的名字。这是新约中提到的所有玛丽:

  • Mary the mother of Jesus
  • 玛丽·抹大拉
  • Mary of Bethany
  • 玛丽的妻子
  • 詹姆斯和何塞的母亲玛丽
  • 马克的母亲玛丽

众多的玛丽部分解释了玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene)如何被称为“罪人”甚至妓女。混乱是在福音书中三次描述的一集中,但从未完全以相同的方式进行。在每个福音帐户中,都是前几天逾越节耶稣停在家里吃饭。饭期间,一个女人用石油涂抹耶稣,无论是头上还是脚。这个女人仅在其中一个帐户中命名,约翰福音12:

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Six days before the Passover Jesus came to Bethany, the home of Lazarus, whom he had raised from the dead. There they gave a dinner for him. Martha served, and Lazarus was one of those at the table with him. Mary took a pound of costly perfume made of pure nard, anointed Jesus' feet, and wiped them with her hair. The house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume.

我们从其他福音书中知道,这个玛丽不是玛丽·玛格达琳。她是玛莎和拉撒路的姐姐伯大尼的玛丽。但是,此事对这种膏膏的其他说法很复杂,尤其是路加福音7中的一个。

[A]在这座城市的女人,她是一个罪人,他得知自己在法利赛家吃饭,带来了一罐雪花石膏的药膏。她站在他的脚下,哭泣,开始用眼泪给他的脚洗澡,然后用头发擦干它们。然后她继续亲吻他的脚,用软膏膏了他们。
Now when the Pharisee who had invited him saw it, he said to himself, "If this man were a prophet, he would have known who and what kind of woman this is who is touching him — that she is a sinner."

Jesus defends the woman, saying that her actions demonstrate her love for and faith in him. But the imagery in these verses — of a woman weeping at Jesus' feet, anointing him with perfumed oil and her own tears, while kissing his feet and drying them with her hair — is striking and would have been even more striking back in Jesus' day.

詹姆斯·卡洛尔(James Carroll),在史密森尼杂志上写作, says that this scene would have had clear sexual overtones to early Christian readers. Men of Jesus' day would never see a woman with her hair down outside of their wife or a prostitute. And then there's the kissing of Jesus' feet, an intimate act if there ever was one.

But what does any of this have to do with Mary Magdalene? She wasn't the one with loosened hair weeping at Jesus' feet. She wasn't a prostitute. Well, not yet.

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格雷戈里(Gregory)伟大的唱片“直截了当”

Pope Gregory I was a sixth-century Church leader and an influential theologian of his day. And thanks to Pope Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, we can put an exact date on the moment when Mary Magdalene went from faithful witness of Christ to a repentant whore.

在一系列关于玛丽·玛格达琳(Mary Magdalene)的讲道中,格雷戈里(Gregory)在面对福音证据的情况下建立了以下联系。

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“卢克称约翰称玛丽的罪恶妇女,我们认为是玛丽,根据马克(Mark)驱逐了七个魔鬼。格雷戈里写道,指玛丽·抹大拉。

然后,格雷戈里(Gregory)继续将玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene)的所谓耶稣脚涂抹,以此作为她过去的珍贵生活的一种pen悔行为:

兄弟兄弟,很明显,这名妇女以前曾在禁忌的行为中用坚定的肉体为她的肉提供香水。因此,她更加丑陋的表现,她现在以更值得赞扬的方式向上帝献祭。她渴望尘世的眼睛,但是现在经历了pen悔,这些都是流泪的。她露出头发以伸出脸,但现在她的头发干了眼泪。她用嘴里说了骄傲的事情,但是在亲吻主的脚时,​​她现在把嘴巴放在救赎主的脚上。

Everything changed for Mary Magdalene once Gregory the Great equated her with the "sinful woman" in Bethany.

奇尔顿说:“ po,她成为妓女。”“一旦发生这种情况,她确实会在西方传统中获得性指控。”

1969年,天主教堂纠正了错误,说玛丽·玛格达琳(Mary Magdalene)和卢克(Luke)的罪恶妇女是两个不同的人。2016年,教皇弗朗西斯(Francis)宣布6月22日是献给她的盛宴。

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玛丽·抹大拉的遗产

在随后的几个世纪中,一个异端的基督教教派称为凯特forwarded the theory that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were a romantic couple. And others took it a step further, that Jesus and Mary Magdalene got married and had a child, which morphed into the earth-shattering secret at the heart of "DA Vinci代码。”

但是,像奇尔顿这样的学者能够看到数百年的性化意图,目的是减少玛丽·玛格达琳(Mary Magdalene)等妇女在早期教会中的作用。

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奇尔顿说:“最终,玛丽·玛格达琳(Mary Magdalene)在每一篇福音中都看到了些什么,并以某种方式说出了一些事情,这使事件引起了人们的认识,这使人们认识到耶稣是从死里复活的。”“这使得她被称为“使徒的使徒”非常合适。'即使是那些想边缘化她的人也不能从她身上夺走。

最初出版:2020年4月10日

玛丽·玛格达琳常见问题解答

玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene)在圣经中扮演着什么角色?
在前三个复活节记录中 - 马太福音28,马克16和路加福音24-玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene)与其他妇女一起拜访耶稣的坟墓,以清洁并涂抹他的身体,但他们发现它是空的。天使(或天使)告诉他们:“他已经上升了!”并指示妇女去告诉门徒的其余部分。
玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene)闻名?
The most the New Testament tells us about Mary Magdalene's biography is found in the first three verses of Luke 8. According to author and religion professor Bruce Chilton, these verses are important. It's the only time in the gospels we learn that Jesus' entourage included women, Mary Magdalene first among them. And here is where we also learn a key detail about Mary Magdalene, that she was exorcised of "seven demons.”
Where in the Bible is the story of Mary Magdalene?
Other than an introduction in Luke and the Easter morning accounts at the tomb, the only other time that Mary Magdalene is mentioned by name in the Bible is at Jesus' crucifixion, where three of the four gospels specifically say that Mary Magdalene witnessed Christ's suffering along with other women.
Who is Mary Magdalene to Jesus?
She is one of his disciples.
为什么玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene)很重要?
最引人注目的说法是在约翰(John)中找到的,这是要撰写的最后一本福音书。在约翰福音20中讲述的复活节故事中,玛丽·抹大拉(Mary Magdalene)不仅在空墓中找到了一个天使,而且是第一个与复活的耶稣本人交谈并与之交谈的人。
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